Early sand tables relied on manual stacking. Computer-aided design technology was introduced in the 1990s. After 2018, the mainstream process adopted a layered stacking method, first constructing the terrain framework and then filling in the details. This method often uses a terraced model, using lightweight materials such as high-density sponge and foam board, cut and stacked in layers to accurately reflect contour lines. Then, a mixture of plaster and elm bark powder is used as filler to shape the stepped forms into a natural surface, followed by coloring and beautification. Modern sand table production increasingly relies on Geographic Information Systems (GIS), satellite imagery, and field survey data to ensure the scientific accuracy of the model. As of 2024, 3D printing technology has been applied to the rapid prototyping of complex mountain models, and some companies have developed detachable modular components for easy transportation and on-site assembly.
The military field still retains traditional sand table construction techniques but introduces 3D modeling technology for terrain visualization. The civilian sector has introduced sand tables using pyrography techniques, combining terrain features with traditional art forms. With technological advancements, the way sand table displays are presented is becoming increasingly intelligent. Some products integrate sound, light, and electrical effects, as well as electric, button, or remote control systems to achieve dynamic demonstrations and enhance the interactivity and aesthetics of the models.
